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Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus
''Vampirovibrio chorellavorus'' is a 0.6 µm pleomorphic cocci with a gram negative cell wall,〔Esteve, I., R. Guerrero, E. Montesinos, and C. Abellà . "Electron Microscope Study of the Interaction of Epibiontic Bacteria with Chromatium minus in Natural Habitats."Microbial Ecology 9.1 (1983): 57-64.〕 and is one of the few known predatory bacteria.〔Guerrero, Ricardo, et al. "Predatory Prokaryotes: Predation and Primary Consumption Evolved in Bacteria." Evolution and Microbiology 83 (1986): 2138-142. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. U.S. National Library of Medicine.〕 Unlike many bacteria, ''Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus'' is an obligate parasite, attaching to the cell wall of green algae of the genus ''Chlorella''.〔Atterberry, R.J., Hobley, L., Till, R., Lambert, C., Capeness, M.J., Lerner, T.R., Fenton, A.K., Barrow, P., and Sockett, R.E. 2011. Effects of orally ministered Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on the well-being and Salmonella colonization of young chicks. Journal of Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77.16: 5794-5803.〕 ''Vampirovibrio'' originates from the Hungarian words ''vampir'' meaning vampire (due to the nature of sucking out cellular contents of its prey)〔 and ''vibrio'' referring to the bacterial genus of curved rod bacterium. ''Chlorellavorus'' is named for the host of the bacterium (''Chlorella)'' and the Latin ''voro'' meaning "to devour" (''Chlorella''-devouring).〔"Vampirovibrio." List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Web.〕
==Classification==
The bacterium, first described by Gromov and Mamkayeva in 1972, was originally classified in the genus ''Bdellovibrio''.〔"Vampirovibrio Chlorellavorus Gromov & Mamkayeva, 1980." WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Vampirovibrio Chlorellavorus Gromov & Mamkayeva, 1980. World Register of Marine Species, 2014〕 It was then reclassified as its own genus ''Vampirovibrio'' in 1980 after being excluded from the genus ''Bdellovibrio'' for some essential discrepancies. The most significant difference was that members of ''Bdellovibrio'' are extracellular parasites, both residing and dividing in the periplasmic space in its host, whereas ''Vampirovibrio'' is epibiotic, attaching to the cell wall of green algae in the genus ''Chlorella''. It was also thought that the bacterium utilized a thin, uncovered flagellum for motility.〔Gromov, B.V., and Mamkaeva K.M. (1972) Electron Microscope Study of Parasitism by Bdellovibrio Chlorellavorus Bacteria on Cells of the Green Algae Chlorella Vulgaris. Tsitologiya. 14.2: 256-260.〕 However, it was later discovered that the bacterium was non-motile, further differentiating it from members of ''Bdellovibrio''.〔
Further research however suggests that the latest classification of ''V. chlorellavorus'' is still incorrect. By analyzing the genome of ''V. chlorellavorus'' Soo and Hugenholtz determined that the organism was more accurately a Cyanobacteria rather than a Proteobacteria.〔 Using 16S rRNA analysis, scientists have estimated that this bacterium most closely belongs to the SM1D11 lineage of bacteria.〔Li, H., Chen, C., Sun, Q., Liu, R., and Cai, J. Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus is related to the family Bdellovibrionacae, which has been described as ''Bdellovibrio'' and like organisms or BALOs. ''Bdellovibrio'' and like organisms enhanced the growth and survival of Panaeus monodon and altered community rearing structures in its rearing water. 2014. Journal of AEM. 80.20: 6346-6354.〕 In addition, when compared to other Cyanobacteria, ''Vampirovibrio'' is non-photosynthetic and could possibly belong to a new proposed classification called ''Melainobacteria'', from Greek root words meaning “nymph of dark waters.”.〔 It has been subsequently concluded that phylum Cyanobacteria, proposed class Melainabacteria, order Vampirovibrionales, and family Vampirovibrionaceae more accurately classified the organism.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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